Sabtu, 05 Juli 2014
INTRODUCTION
TO LINGUISTICS
A.Definition
Language
is an acquired habit of systematic vocal activity representing meanings coming
from human experiences” or “language is an acquired vocal system for
communicating meanings”.
B. Branches
Based
on the levels of language there are five major branches of linguistics:
1)
phonetics,
2)
phonemics
3)
morphology,
4)
syntax,
5)
semantics.
C.kinds of linguistics:
1. Synchronic (descriptive linguistics): The study
of language at any given of time.
2.
Diachronic (historical linguistics): The study of language that deals with
changes that occur at a certain period of time. when someone uses the term
linguistics, it refers to synchronic linguistics
D. Characteristics of Language:
1) Language
is arbitrary
no direct connection between ideas the language deals with and the words or
combination of words by which these ideas are expressed
2) language
is sound
Sound is what people utter or hear
3) Language
is systematic
can be represented by a limited
number of symbols
4) Language
is a system of system
consists of several levels. Each
level is a system in itself
5) Language
is meaningful
The sounds which are produced in a
language are connected almost with every fact of human life and communication
6) Language
is conventional
is a part of language system
7) Language
is a system of contrasts
e.g : consonants >< vowels,
voiced >< voiceless
8) Language
is creative
By using a finite number of rules a
native speaker can generate an infinite number of utterances
9) Language
is unique
languages is different from one
language to another
10) Languages are similar
all languages have many things in
common
II
PHONETICS
A. Definition of
phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that
deal with sound features or qualities and their arrangement into speech sounds
or phones.
A sound
is something that can be heard.There are speech sounds (sounds which are used
in a language) and non speech sounds (sounds which are not used in a language).
The
examples of speech sounds are: [i, u, n, s, p]. Speech sounds are usually
produced by human speech organs (tongue, teeth, lips, palate, vocal cords,
larynx, etc.). Not all sounds that are produced by
human speech organs are speech sounds.
B.
Branches of Phonetics
1) Articulatory
phonetics (the way howspeech sounds are made by human vocal organs)
2) Acoustic
phonetics (the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between
mouth and ear)
3) Auditory
phonetics (the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear,
auditory nerve and brain)
C. Examples of Sound Features
Table: Sound features of English stop consonants
S. F.
|
P
|
t
|
K
|
b
|
d
|
g
|
Vocalic
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Cons.
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Continuant
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Strident
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Nasal
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Voiced
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Anterior
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Coronal
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
D. Main Types of Speech Sounds
1.
Stops (These sounds are produced when the closure of a stop is released
gradually rather than abruptly.)
Examples
of stops: [p, b, t, d, k, g,]
2. Fricatives
When an articulator is brought so close to a point of
articulation that the air passing between them produces frictional noise, the
resulting sound is called fricative or spirant
Examples: [f, v, s, z,
š, ž].
3. Sonorant
When an articulator is moved in a such a way that it
neither stops the air steam nor constricts it in such a way to produce noise.Special
classes of sonorant are vowels, semivowels, nasals, and laterals.
Examples: [i, a, e, u,
o, w, y, m, n, l]
E. The Manners of Sound Articulation
- Stops: [p, b, t, d, k, g, ? ]
- Fricatives or sibilants: [f, v, ð , ө , s, z, š, ž,]
- Affricates: [č , j]
- Nasals: [ m, n, ň, ŋ ]
- Lateral: [ l ]
- Vibrant: [ r ]
- Semi-vowel: [ w, y ]
F. The Points of Sound Articulation
1.
Bilabial:
[ p, b, m ]
2.
Labio-dental:
[ f, v ]
3.
Inter-dental:
[ 0 , ð ]
4.
Alveolar: [ t, d,
n, l ]
5.
Alveolar-palatal;
[ s, z ]
6.
Palatal:
[ j ]
7.
Velar:
[ k, g ]
8.
Glottal:
[ ?, h ]
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